Rosmarinic, Carnosic and Ursolic acids
Rosmarinic, Carnosic and Ursolic acids are found in rosemary leaves. They are
exceptional antioxidants in that they act in a cascading effect. Carnosic acid, starts
this cascade. After carnosic acid finds and neutralizes a free radical, it is transformed
into another molecule, called carnosol, which in turn neutralizes another free radical.
This cascade continues on down through metabolites rosmanol and galdosol in the same way,
ultimately neutralizing a whole host of free radicals. The cascade is probably why
rosemary has a significantly higher antioxidant capability than vitamin E, which must be
recycled after quenching a free radical before it can quench another.
Numerous laboratory studies indicate that rosemary can prevent cancer-causing chemicals
(carcinogens) from binding to and possibly mutating cellular DNA--two of the earliest
steps in cancer development.
IMMUPRO™ contains 300 mg of standardized 7% Rosmarinic, Carnosic
and Ursolic acids per serving.
Click the links below for further research on Rosmarinic, Carnosic and Ursolic acids
Huang
MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY, Ferraro T, Lou YR, Stauber K, Ma W, Georgiadis C, Laskin JD, Conney
AH.
Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic
acid. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb 1;54(3):701-8. PMID: 8306331 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Debersac
P, Vernevaut MF, Amiot MJ, Suschetet M, Siess MH.
Effects of a water-soluble extract of rosemary and its purified component rosmarinic acid
on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Feb;39(2):109-17.
PMID: 11267703 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Makino
T, Ono T, Muso E, Yoshida H, Honda G, Sasayama S.
Inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid on the proliferation of cultured murine mesangial
cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 Aug;15(8):1140-5. PMID: 10910436 [PubMed - indexed
for MEDLINE]
al-Sereiti
MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and
its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 Feb;37(2):124-30. Review. PMID:
10641130 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Peake
PW, Pussell BA, Martyn P, Timmermans V, Charlesworth JA.
The inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid on complement involves the C5 convertase. Int J
Immunopharmacol. 1991;13(7):853-7. PMID: 1761351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Englberger
W, Hadding U, Etschenberg E, Graf E, Leyck S, Winkelmann J, Parnham MJ.
Rosmarinic acid: a new inhibitor of complement C3-convertase with anti-inflammatory
activity. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1988;10(6):729-37. PMID: 3198307 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
Ursolic Acid
Hollosy
F, Meszaros G, Bokonyi G, Idei M, Seprodi A, Szende B, Keri G.
Cytostatic, cytotoxic and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity of ursolic acid in
A431 human tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6B):4563-70.
Kim
DK, Baek JH, Kang CM, Yoo MA, Sung JW, Chung HY, Kim ND, Choi YH, Lee SH, Kim KW.
Apoptotic activity of ursolic acid may correlate with the inhibition of initiation of DNA
replication. Int J Cancer. 2000 Sep 1;87(5):629-36. PMID: 10925354 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
Cha
HJ, Park MT, Chung HY, Kim ND, Sato H, Seiki M, Kim KW.
Ursolic acid-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 gene is mediated through the nuclear
translocation of glucocorticoid receptor in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Oncogene.
1998 Feb 12;16(6):771-8. PMID: 9488041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Hsu
HY, Yang JJ, Lin CC.
Effects of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid on inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the
recovery of hematopoietic system postirradiation in mice. Cancer Lett. 1997 Jan
1;111(1-2):7-13. PMID: 9022122 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Es-saady
D, Simon A, Ollier M, Maurizis JC, Chulia AJ, Delage C.
Inhibitory effect of ursolic acid on B16 proliferation through cell cycle arrest. Cancer
Lett. 1996 Sep 10;106(2):193-7. PMID: 8844972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Singletary
K, MacDonald C, Wallig M.
Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat
mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett. 1996 Jun
24;104(1):43-8. PMID: 8640744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cha
HJ, Bae SK, Lee HY, Lee OH, Sato H, Seiki M, Park BC, Kim KW.
Anti-invasive activity of ursolic acid correlates with the reduced expression of matrix
metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May
15;56(10):2281-4. PMID: 8625299 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Es-Saady
D, Simon A, Jayat-Vignoles C, Chulia AJ, Delage C.
MCF-7 cell cycle arrested at G1 through ursolic acid, and increased reduction of
tetrazolium salts. Anticancer Res. 1996 Jan-Feb;16(1):481-6. PMID: 8615658 [PubMed -
indexed for MEDLINE]
Sohn
KH, Lee HY, Chung HY, Young HS, Yi SY, Kim KW.
Anti-angiogenic activity of triterpene acids. Cancer Lett. 1995 Aug 1;94(2):213-8. PMID:
7543366 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Young
HS, Chung HY, Lee CK, Park KY, Yokozawa T, Oura H.
Ursolic acid inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in a Salmonella assay system. Biol
Pharm Bull. 1994 Jul;17(7):990-2. PMID: 8000393 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ying
QL, Rinehart AR, Simon SR, Cheronis JC.
Inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by ursolic acid. Evidence for a binding site for
pentacyclic triterpenes. Biochem J. 1991 Jul 15;277 ( Pt 2):521-6. PMID: 1859379 [PubMed -
indexed for MEDLINE]
Balanehru
S, Nagarajan B.
Protective effect of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid against lipid peroxidation. Biochem
Int. 1991 Jul;24(5):981-90. PMID: 1776961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Offord
EA, Mace K, Avanti O, Pfeifer AM.
Mechanisms involved in the chemoprotective effects of rosemary extract studied in human
liver and bronchial cells. Cancer Lett. 1997 Mar 19;114(1-2):275-81. PMID: 9103309 [PubMed
- indexed for MEDLINE]
Aruoma
OI, Spencer JP, Rossi R, Aeschbach R, Khan A, Mahmood N, Munoz A, Murcia A, Butler J,
Halliwell B.
An evaluation of the antioxidant and antiviral action of extracts of rosemary and
Provencal herbs. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996 May;34(5):449-56. PMID: 8655093 [PubMed - indexed
for MEDLINE]
Offord
EA, Mace K, Ruffieux C, Malnoe A, Pfeifer AM.
Rosemary components inhibit benzo[a]pyrene-induced genotoxicity in human bronchial cells.
Carcinogenesis. 1995 Sep;16(9):2057-62. PMID: 7554054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Haraguchi
H, Saito T, Okamura N, Yagi A.
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus
officinalis. Planta Med. 1995 Aug;61(4):333-6. PMID: 7480180 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
Paris
A, Strukelj B, Renko M, Turk V, Pukl M, Umek A, Korant BD.
Inhibitory effect of carnosic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays [corrected] J Nat
Prod. 1993 Aug;56(8):1426-30. PMID: 8229021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Kozai
K, Miyake Y, Kohda H, Kametaka S, Yamasaki K, Suginaka H, Nagasaka N.
Inhibition of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans by oleanolic acid and ursolic
acid. Caries Res. 1987;21(2):104-8. No abstract available. PMID: 2949844 [PubMed - indexed
for MEDLINE]
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